Wednesday, September 12, 2012

Are our bones well designed? Insects and crabs have a leg up on us

ScienceDaily (Sep. 12, 2012) ? Researchers from Trinity College Dublin have recently shown that the legs of grasshoppers and crabs have the ideal shape to resist bending and compression. If human leg bones were built the same way, they could be twice as strong.

"Like all Arthropods, grasshoppers and crabs have so called exoskeletons made from a very special material called cuticle," said Professor David Taylor, of the Trinity Centre for Bioengineering at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. "This exoskeleton protects the animal like a knight's suit of armour. Recently we have shown that this cuticle is in fact one of the toughest natural materials."

"In terms of evolution, having your bones on the outside has been a pretty good concept," said his colleague Dr Jan-Henning Dirks. "Since millions of years animals with exoskeletons such as insects, spiders and crustaceans can be found basically in every ecosystem in the world."

So what makes this exoskeleton so successful? Together the interdisciplinary team used the latest principles of engineering mechanics, materials science and biomechanics to address this question. In particular, Taylor and Dirks were interested in the diameter and thickness of the bones. They used a special computer-tomography machine to generate X-ray images of insect legs with a resolution of only a few thousands of a millimetre and collected and compared data from crabs and human bones.

Their results, published in the article 'Shape Optimisation in Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons: a Biomechanics Analysis' in the Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, showed that, whilst human leg bones are relatively thick-walled tubes, the legs of insects and crabs have a much thinner wall in relation to their radius.

"This relation of wall-thickness to radius can tell us a lot about the mechanical stability of the structure," said Taylor. "Imagine the bones as simple tubes. Now, if you had a limited amount of material, what would you do? Would you make a thin solid rod or a hollow, thin walled tube? When compressed, the rod might easily bend like a straw, the hollow tube however might buckle like a beer-can."
However, for a given weight there is a mechanical optimal wall-thickness. And interestingly, the researchers found that the leg-shape of crabs represents an ideal compromise to resist both the bending and compression forces the crab experiences when walking under water.

The locust leg on the other hand is optimised to withstand the huge bending forces which occur when it jumps.
In comparison, the human thighbone didn't do so well. Using the same amount of bone material and taking into account its mechanical properties, the human thighbone could be "redesigned" as an exoskeleton to be twice as strong as it is now.

"Of course there are numerous other factors determining the evolutionary advantages of endo- and exoskeletons," said Taylor. "However, we think that by taking a design engineer's view on the problem we've been able to shed some light on the evolutionary development of skeletal forms."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Trinity College Dublin, via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. D. Taylor, J.-H. Dirks. Shape optimization in exoskeletons and endoskeletons: a biomechanics analysis. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 2012; DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0567

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/UGKqtgRQb-s/120912084432.htm

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Saturday, September 1, 2012

Miners charged in deaths of 34 killed by police

JOHANNESBURG (AP) ? About 270 miners were charged Thursday with the murders of 34 striking colleagues who were shot by South African police officers, authorities said, a development that could further infuriate South Africans already shocked and angered by the police action.

The decision to charge the miners comes under an arcane Roman-Dutch common purpose law used under the apartheid regime, and it suggests President Jacob Zuma's government wants to shift blame for the killings from police to the striking miners.

Firebrand politician Julius Malema, who has seized on the shootings to score political points, told supporters of miners outside the courthouse that the charges were "madness."

"The policemen who killed those people are not in custody, not even one of them. This is madness," said Malema, who was expelled from the governing African National Congress in April. "The whole world saw the policemen kill those people."

The Mail and Guardian newspaper quoted constitutional law expert Pierre de Vos as saying the decision to charge the miners with the murders was "bizarre and shocking and represents a flagrant abuse of the criminal justice system in an effort to protect the police and/or politicians like Jacob Zuma and (Police Minister) Nathi Mthethwa."

National Prosecuting Authority spokesman Frank Lesenyego told The Associated Press that "It's the police who were shooting, but they were under attack by the protesters, who were armed, so today the 270 accused are charged with the murders" of those who were shot.

More than 150 of the arrested miners have filed complaints that they have been beaten up in police cells by officers, the Independent Police Complaints Directorate reported earlier this week.

Directorate spokesman Moses Dlamini said the complainants accused police of beating them with batons and fists and kicking and slapping them to force them to give the names of miners who hacked two police officers to death in a week of violence preceding the shootings. Eight other people were killed, including three miners and two mine security guards whom striking miners burned alive in their vehicle.

The strike, apparently rooted in rivalry between two trade unions, had rock drill operators demanding a minimum wage of 12,500 rand ($1,560) and complaining that their take-home pay was only about 5,500 rand ($688).

On Aug. 16, police said they had failed to persuade the strikers to disarm and that it was "D-Day" to end the strike at the London-registered Lonmin PLC platinum mine. That afternoon, striking miners armed with clubs, machetes and at least one gun allegedly charged at police, who opened fire, killing 34 and wounding at least 78.

Some survivors said many of the miners were fleeing police tear gas and water cannons when they were shot.

Dlamini has refused to comment on local news reports that autopsies show many of those killed were shot in the back.

Police Commissioner Gen. Riah Phiyega has been criticized for saying her officers "did nothing wrong." She said they acted in self-defense, using live bullets only after they were fired upon and had failed to stop a charge of miners with water cannons, stun grenades, tear gas and rubber bullets.

Prosecution spokesman Lesenyego said the 270 miners were charged under Roman-Dutch law that held sway in South Africa before a new liberal constitution was adopted after apartheid ended in 1994. He said it was case law, meaning it has been used in previous cases and that there is legal precedent even though it is not in the constitution.

The police killings were the worst public display of state-sponsored violence since apartheid was overthrown and have traumatized a nation that hoped it had seen the last of such scenes.

The common purpose law being used to charge the miners was fought by the African National Congress when it was a liberation movement, accusing the white minority government of using it to make victims of a crime its perpetrators. The ANC has been in power for 18 years and the miserable living conditions of miners has highlighted its failure to transform the wealth of Africa's richest nation into better lives for the majority of its 48 million citizens, who continue to battle unemployment, housing shortages and poor health and education services.

In the fallout from the killings, the bitter mine strike has strengthened. Lonmin reported an average of 6.6 percent of workers showed up across various shifts Thursday, down from 13 percent on Monday and 50 percent on Saturday.

Lonmin said many workers were being intimidated and feared for their safety if they returned to work. The company has suffered a serious hit to its share price and has said it probably cannot meet debt payments, due next month, because of the strike that started Aug. 10.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/miners-charged-deaths-34-killed-police-183825428.html

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Friday, August 31, 2012

San Francisco's next archbishop charged with DUI

SAN DIEGO (AP) ? The San Diego city attorney's office says the Roman Catholic archbishop-designate of San Francisco has been charged with two misdemeanors stemming from his arrest for allegedly driving under the influence.

The city attorney's office said Friday that the Rev. Salvatore Cordileone is accused of one count of driving under the influence and one count of driving with a blood-alcohol level greater than the legal limit of .08 percent.

The 56-year-old Cordileone is currently bishop of Oakland and is scheduled to be installed as archbishop of San Francisco on Oct. 4.

Cordileone was stopped at a DUI checkpoint last weekend while driving with his mother and a visiting priest after dinner with friends.

He issued a statement of apology and said he brought "shame" and "disgrace" upon himself.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/san-franciscos-next-archbishop-charged-dui-191321652.html

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Monday, August 27, 2012

Relationship Burnout: Is This Happening to You? | ABC Marriage

your Relationship Burnout: Is This Happening to You?

No couple wants to discuss the end of a marriage and for good reason. When trouble starts, you begin wishing for the times when you were happiest in your marriage. Things are changing and you feel helpless. This is especially true when your partner refuses to discuss the problem.

Starting a marriage seriously means committing for the long term. You could have wanted a romantic marriage that lasts forever. But there are always bumps along the way. There are things that you do that may come out badly. If you want to add spice to your marriage, you don?t need a third social gathering to do it. You just need to renew your faith and love for your partner.

If you are wondering about how to survive an affair, so do many people in committed interactions. People in relationships always want to know how to make the good feelings last. The mundane day by day activities could put a damper on romance. But you realize you can?t live your life everyday with your head up in the clouds. Sooner or later, principles and matter-of-fact decisions cause clashes. Romance may get replaced by matter-of-fact considerations and companionship.

Always mull over what is causing the burnout. Maybe you?re reaping the effects of a harmless white lie you told in the past. It might be that your spouse distrusts you and vice verse. It might be possessiveness that stifled the love. There are a lot of mistakes you may have made while you were starting out, and this really is the time to correct that.

Show your partner that you?re still committed to making this work. Your spouse may be feeling pessimistic. You should let your partner know that you continue to want to work with him to keep the marriage going. Trusting your partner can make him feel more appreciated and forgiven.

Let your authentic personality shine. It takes an open minded person to strike a balance between being civil and being honest about his or her feelings. Every person is capable of forgiveness, and this is your chance to show that you, too, know how to forgive. Being true to yourself and to your partner will encourage him to be honest with you, too.

You should ask your partner to work with you to learn how to survive an affair. You both can move on if you really need to. As you go about your daily routine again, show your partner that your marriage is important to you.

Give each other the chance to come to terms with the new feelings. Breathing space is needed. In between reflections, you ought to still spend quality time. Only if you both feel the same way can you start rebuilding faith again.

Related Blogs

  • Related Blogs on how to stay emotionally connected with your spouse

Source: http://www.abcmarriage.com/relationship-burnout-is-this-happening-to-you-2/

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Saturday, August 25, 2012

College Station approves $7 million in improvements

The College Station City Council on Thursday approved two projects worth almost $7 million combined for neighborhood and area improvements.

Both projects passed unanimously and one was met with applause by a handful of residents who attended the meeting. Several of those spoke to the council, agreeing that, while they may not have received everything they wanted in the Southside Area Neighborhood Plan, there was a ?tremendous? compromise from all parties.

Almost 80 improvements likely will be built, including sidewalks, street lights, zoning options and more.

City Planner Jennifer Prochazka said the project is expected to cost about $3.2 million and will be done over the course of the next seven years. The project, which is in one of the oldest parts of the city, is in the area south of George Bush Drive, east of Wellborn Road, west of Texas Avenue and north of part of Holleman Drive and Southwest Parkway.

It also covers 10 apartment communities, 10 churches, four parks, a city-owned greenway, the College Station Conference Center, the Lincoln Center, three schools and commercial areas.

Mayor Nancy Berry said the plan will be a ?living, breathing document? that can be altered over the years to meet the area?s changing conditions. She said it was created by many individuals with competing interests, which translates into a successful formula.

Prochazka said the process for the plan began about a year ago and it addresses community character and land use, neighborhood integrity, mobility and public facilities in the area. The council also approved a $3.7 million contract with Elliott Construction for the South Knoll-The Glade Utility Rehabilitation Project, as well as a resolution declaring intention to reimburse certain expenditures with proceeds from debt.

The project includes improving water and wastewater utility infrastructure in the area generally bounded by Glade Street, Haines, Langford, and Bee Creek Drive. The infrastructure needs replacement due to an increase in service disruptions, deteriorating lines and a need to improve fire protection, staff said. Sidewalks will also be repaired as part of the project. Streets impacted by the installation of new utilities will get a two-inch overlay of new asphalt.

Also at the meeting, the council:

? Held a public hearing on the proposed 2012-13 fiscal year budget. No one spoke at the meeting, and the council is scheduled to vote on it and the tax rate at its Sept. 13 meeting.

? Approved almost $100,900 for a contract with Hawkins Architecture for the design of an expansion to Veterans Park?s maintenance facility so it includes two additional maintenance bays, a tool room, a chemical room and additional storage. It will also add a fence around the storage yard to create a secure area to store sports and maintenance equipment.

? Approved a deductive change order of almost $160,200 to the contract with Follis-Cole Construction for the Emerald Forest Drainage improvements project. The neighborhood contacted the city in 2010 requesting the improvements. The project will include clearing and grubbing of overgrown brush and trees and work to prevent future erosion along the creek channel. With this change order, the existing contract will be canceled and the project will be rebid this fall.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheEagleRegionAndState/~3/RT_zJWCtjyc/BC0101&source=RSS

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Monday, July 16, 2012

Romney charges Obama's ad attacks 'misdirected'

FILE - In this July 4, 2012 file photo, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and Sen. Kelly Ayotte, R-N.H. make a lemonade stop as they walk in the Fourth of July Parade in Wolfeboro, N.H. With the campaign entering a six-week period before the national nominating conventions kick off the fall campaign, how Romney takes advantage of his assets and seeks to overcome his hurdles against President Barack Obama will partly determine whether he?s able before then to break out of what polls show is a close race. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak, File)

FILE - In this July 4, 2012 file photo, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney and Sen. Kelly Ayotte, R-N.H. make a lemonade stop as they walk in the Fourth of July Parade in Wolfeboro, N.H. With the campaign entering a six-week period before the national nominating conventions kick off the fall campaign, how Romney takes advantage of his assets and seeks to overcome his hurdles against President Barack Obama will partly determine whether he?s able before then to break out of what polls show is a close race. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak, File)

FILE - In this June 19, 2012 file photo, Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney talks about the vetting of a vice presidential running mate in Holland, Mich. With the campaign entering a six-week period before the national nominating conventions kick off the fall campaign, how Romney takes advantage of his assets and seeks to overcome his hurdles against President Barack Obama will partly determine whether he?s able before then to break out of what polls show is a close race. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)

President Barack Obama campaigns during the pouring rain at the historic Walkerton Tavern & Gardens in Glen Allen, Va., near Richmond, Saturday, July 14, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

(AP) ? Mitt Romney demanded Monday that President Barack Obama back away from his persistent attacks on Romney's record at Bain Capital, advising that it would be better "if you spent some time speaking about your record."

"What does it say about a president whose record is so poor that all he can do in this campaign is attack me," Romney said in a nationally broadcast interview.

Obama said an interview that he has run mostly positive campaign ads but said they have not been given much attention in the media.

In his interview on Fox News Channel's "Fox & Friends," Romney was asked whether Obama should apologize for a series of statements and campaign commercials suggesting that Romney has not been truthful in his accounts of his record as head of Bain Capital, a private equity firm.

Romney responded, "I think when people have accused you of a crime, you have every reason to go after them pretty hard." He defended his business record but did not demand an apology from Obama. Romney also declined to make a fuller disclosure of tax returns than he has already committed himself to releasing.

The latest exchange of barbs came as Obama prepared for a town meeting Monday in Ohio, a critical state for both candidates this year, and Romney was poised to join Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal on a fundraising trip.

Obama's campaign has been arguing that Romney's record at Bain Capital indicates that jobs were shipped overseas under his watch. That pitch has been given a lot of attention at a time when the nation's unemployment rate remains above 8 percent and millions are out of work.

Asked about this, Romney said he was "very proud of the record I had in my business career." He added: "I'd say to the president, wouldn't it be interesting Mr. President, wouldn't it be interesting if you spent some time speaking about your record."

"A campaign spent on false charges and dishonesty doesn't have long legs," Romney said.

"When millions upon millions of dollars are given by the Obama administration to the businesses of campaign contributors, that's a real problem, particularly at time when the middle class is really suffering in this country," the former Massachusetts governor said. "This is a tough time in America. But if you're a contributor to Barack Obama your business may stand to get billions or hundreds of millions of dollars in cash from the government. I think it's wrong. I think it stinks to high heaven."

Obama, in an interview broadcast on "CBS This Morning" Monday, was asked about the large number of negative ads that have been run against Romney by his campaign in recent weeks.

"If you look at the ads that we do," he replied, "first of all, we've done a whole slew of positive ads that talk exactly about how we need to change our education system, how we need to change our tax code, how we need to rebuild America, how we need to promote American energy So those just don't get attention in the news."

"I've got a very different approach," Obama said. "And the more detailed we get into what he's saying and what I'm saying, I think that serves the democratic process well."

Romney was asked about statements by Obama supporters, including Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, that he simply "stop whining" about the Obama attacks. He responded, "The best offense is to look at the president's record. ... He just hasn't been able to do the job he was going to try and do."

"The president has only one thing going and that is constant attacks on me," Romney said. "They're dishonest, they're misdirected and I think the American people recognize that kind of politics is something of the past. It may work in Chicago, but it's not going to work across America."

Romney refused calls by Democrats ? and some Republicans ? to release several years of tax returns. He said the Obama campaign was only looking "for more things for their opposition research to try to make a mountain out of and to distort and to be dishonest about."

Romney has released his 2010 returns and has pledged he will also release a complete return for 2011, but no more.

Republican Gov. Robert Bentley of Alabama suggested at a governor's conference this weekend that Romney do a fuller release of tax reforms.

Romney's campaign said Sunday that Obama is willing to say anything to win a second term and should say he's sorry for attacking the Republican's successful career at Bain Capital.

"No, we will not apologize," the president responded, adding that if Romney wants credit for his business leadership, he also needs to take responsibility. The Obama campaign says that with Romney at the helm, Bain Capital sent thousands of well-paying American jobs to China.

Questions about Romney's tenure at Bain Capital, the fortune he earned there, foreign bank accounts and his refusal to release more of his tax returns have dogged the former Massachusetts governor. Romney insists he left the firm in February 1999 to take over the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, but documents indicate he was still in charge as late as 2001.

Romney's advisers, trying to explain the discrepancies between Romney's account and federal documents, offered fresh explanations to shift the campaign back to more comfortable ground.

"He actually retired retroactively at that point," Romney adviser Ed Gillespie said Sunday. "He ended up not going back to the firm after his time in Salt Lake City. So he was actually retired from Bain."

A second adviser, Kevin Madden, said Romney had no choice but to have his name listed on Security and Exchange Commission documents as he sought to transfer the company's leadership to partners.

"The reason that there is a document that had ... his signature is because, during that transition from 1999 to 2002 ... there was a duty to sign those documents," Madden said.

The exact role Romney played at the firm between 1999 and 2001 is important not only because critics have raised questions about his truthfulness, but also because Bain was sending U.S. jobs overseas during the period.

Documents on file with the SEC place Romney in charge of Bain from 1999 to 2001, a period in which the company outsourced jobs and ran companies that fell into bankruptcy. Romney has tried to distance himself from this period in Bain's history, saying on financial disclosure forms he had no active role in the company as of February 1999.

But at least three times since then, Bain listed Romney as the company's "controlling person," as well as its "sole shareholder, sole director, chief executive officer and president." One of those documents ? as late as February 2001 ? lists Romney's "principal occupation" as Bain's managing director.

Romney launched a rare, five-network interview blitz on Friday and insisted he was not involved with Bain during the time it sent jobs overseas and had no day-to-day responsibility for the firm.

"I had no role whatsoever in the management of Bain Capital after February of 1999," he said. "I was an owner, and being a shareholder doesn't mean you're running the business."

That wasn't enough for Obama.

"Mr. Romney claims he's Mr. Fix-It for the economy because of his business experience, so I think voters entirely legitimately want to know what is exactly his business experience," Obama told WAVY-TV in Portsmouth, Va., in an interview taped Saturday and posted on the station's website Sunday

"Mr. Romney is now claiming he wasn't there at the time except his filings with the SEC listing says he was the CEO, chairman and president of the company."

Gillespie appeared on NBC's "Meet the Press" and CNN's "State of the Union. Madden spoke on CBS' "Face the Nation."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-07-16-Presidential%20Campaign/id-fca341dec12c4889882713225cdb4f44

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Sunday, July 15, 2012

Sylvester Stallone's son, filmmaker Sage Stallone, found dead in Los

Sylvester Stallone's son, filmmaker Sage Stallone, found dead in Los Angeles at 36

LOS ANGELES ? The 36-year-old son of Sylvester Stallone was found dead Friday, leaving the actor grief-stricken, his publicist said.

Authorities were investigating Sage Stallone's death, but details were not immediately available.

"Sylvester Stallone is devastated and grief-stricken over the sudden loss of his son," publicist Michelle Bega said in a statement. "His compassion and thoughts are with Sage's mother, Sasha."

Los Angeles police said they were dispatched to investigate a death at a home on Mulholland Terrace around 2:15 p.m. but could not confirm the person's identity or offer details.

Coroner's officials also said they were in the initial investigative stages.

"Sage was a very talented and wonderful young man, his loss will be felt forever," Bega said.

George Braunstein, an attorney who has represented Sage Stallone for 15 years, said a housekeeper found his body Friday afternoon. Friends and acquaintances had become concerned because they hadn't heard from Stallone in the past day, Braunstein said.

Sage Moonblood Stallone was the oldest of Sylvester Stallone's children and co-starred with his father in two films. He was the first of two sons Stallone had with first wife Sasha Czack.

Sage Stallone made his acting debut in 1990's "Rocky V" and also appeared with his father in 1996's "Daylight."

Also in 1996, Sage Stallone and veteran film editor Bob Murawski co-founded Grindhouse Releasing, a company dedicated to preserving and promoting the B-movies and exploitation films of the 1970s and 80s.

"He was very respectful of all the actors in all the movies," Braunstein said. "You couldn't mention a movie that he didn't know everything about."

Sage Stallone also directed the 2006 short "Vic," which screened at the Palm Springs Film Festival.

Braunstein said Stallone was planning on getting married for the first time, and had frequent requests to work on films.

"He was a full of life filmmaker with his whole future ahead of him," Braunstein said. "He was just very up and enthusiastic and positive.

"I think it was probably some sort of accident," he said of the death.

Braunstein said Sage Stallone greatly admired his father but was working hard to make his own name in the film industry.

"He was very proud of his father and proud to be his father's son," Braustein said.

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Associated Press Writer Andrew Dalton contributed to this report.

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Anthony McCartney can be reached at

http://twitter.com/mccartneyAP

Source: http://lubbockonline.com/filed-online/2012-07-14/sylvester-stallones-son-filmmaker-sage-stallone-found-dead-los-angeles-36

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